What are gallstones and how are they treated?

What are gallstones and why do they occur?

Gallstones are hard, crystallized particles that form in the gallbladder – a small organ under the liver that stores bile. Gallstones often form when there is an imbalance in the substances in the bile produced by the liver. This can be caused by too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, which leads to crystallization and stone formation. Problems emptying the gallbladder can also contribute to the formation of stones.

Risk factors for the development of gallstones include genetics, obesity, certain lifestyle factors such as a high-fat diet, medical conditions such as diabetes, and hormonal changes – for example, during pregnancy.

Gallstones can vary in size and are made up mainly of cholesterol and other substances from bile. They can cause pain and discomfort, especially after a fatty meal, and in some cases they can block the bile ducts, which can lead to serious complications.

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Symptoms and treatment of gallstones

When it comes to gallstones, symptoms can vary significantly from person to person. Some experience no or few symptoms, while others experience significant pain and discomfort.

Typically, symptoms include pain in the upper right part of the abdomen, which may radiate to the back or shoulder. This pain can be sharp and sudden and often occurs after a meal – especially if it was high in fat. Other common symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and bloating.

Treatment for gallstones depends largely on the symptoms and their severity. For some, simple lifestyle changes – such as dietary adjustments to reduce fat intake and an increased focus on one’s own health – may be enough to manage symptoms. In cases where the stones are causing blockage or inflammation, clinical intervention may be necessary, which may include medication to dissolve the stones or, in some cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder.